The Rise of Soft Robotics

By Meiyin Ren ’25

Soft robotics refers to the designs of devices that are constructed with materials like fluids, gels and elastomers, making them easily deformable and capable of compliance-matching, the principle where contacting materials share a similar mechanical rigidity to evenly distribute loads and minimize stress at interfaces.

In recent years, the scientific world has witnessed a growing demand for robots that can mimic the elastic and rheological properties found in natural materials and organisms due to the challenges posed by rigid robots, which can often damage softer materials such as the skin, muscle tissues, or delicate organs when interacting. In response to this challenge, soft robotics have become a promising solution with their potential for compliance-matching. The significant difference in mechanical compliance between rigid robots and soft materials highlights the incompatibility and potential dangers of using rigid robots for close human interaction.

Soft robotics has revolutionized the health care industry and space exploration. In the realm of device-led physical rehabilitation, soft robotics marks a significant paradigm shift. Unlike cable-driven exosuits that mimic the muscular system which require precise anchor-point positioning, soft robotics, particularly those utilizing pressurized fluids such as compressed air, offer a more effective choice for rehabilitation exosuits. Their flexibility allows them to conform to the external structure of the human body, making them ideally suited for such applications. With its varied forms and power transmission methods, soft robotic technology overcomes the limitations of traditional approaches. The pliability of materials and the utilization of compressed air in pneumatic rehabilitation devices address challenges like excessive inertia and misalignment, thus preserving the body's natural range of motion and flexibility. This enhances support for daily activities and holds profound significance for rehabilitation.
​
Moreover, the qualities of soft robotics make it an exemplary material for devices used in space exploration. Soft robotics are fabricated from soft materials, which minimizes the risk of human injuries or damage from collisions, meaning that they can adapt effortlessly to various surfaces and environments. This adaptability renders soft robotics an ideal choice for the challenges of space exploration.